Hur länge är honey locust thorns

Species of tree native to huvud North America

This article fryst vatten about the tree. For the plants with the same name, see Robinia. For other uses, see Locust (disambiguation).

Honey locust
A cultivated honey locust showing fall color
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae
Genus:	Gleditsia
Species:	G. triacanthos
Binomial name
Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Native range
Synonyms[3]
List Acacia villaregalis McVaugh (1987) Caesalpiniodes heterophyllum (Raf.) Kuntze (1891) Caesalpiniodes triacanthum (L.) Kuntze (1891) Gleditsia brachycarpos (Michx.) Pursh (1813) Gleditsia bujotii Neumann (1846) Gleditsia bujotii pendula Van Geert . nud. Gleditsia bujotii plats. pendula Rehder o ögonkontakt. Gleditsia elegans Salisb. perfl. Gleditsia excelsa-pendula dem Vos (1887) Gleditsia ferox Desf. (1809) Gleditsia ferox fanns. nana (Loudon) Rehder (1900) Gleditsia flava K.Koch (1869) Gleditsia heterophylla Raf. (1817) Gleditsia horrida (Aiton) Salisb. (1796) Gleditsia inermis plats. elegantissima Grosdem. (1905) Gleditsia laevis G.Don (1830) Gleditsia latisiliqua Lodd. ex G.Don (1830) Gleditsia meliloba Walter (1788) Gleditsia micracantha dem Vos (1887) Gleditsia mimosifolia Lodd. ex Talou ubnud. Gleditsia mimosifolia fanns. pendula Talou publ. Gleditsia polysperma (Aiton) Stokes (1812) Gleditsia sinensis plats. nana Loudon (1838) Gleditsia spinosa Marshall (1785) Gleditsia triacanthos f. brachycarpos (Michx.) C.K.Schneid. (1907) Gleditsia triacanthos f. elegantissima (Grosdem.) Rehder (1949) Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis (Castigl.) Zabel (1903) Gleditsia triacanthos f. nana (Loudon) Rehder (1949) Gleditsia triacanthos f. pendula (Asch. & Graebn.) Rehder (1949) Gleditsia triacanthos lusus pendula aska. & Graebn. (1907) Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. brachycarpos Michx. (1803) Gleditsia triacanthos plats. bujotii (Neumann) Rehder (1900) Gleditsia triacanthos plats. ferox (Desf.) aska. & Graebn. (1907) Gleditsia triacanthos plats. horrida Aiton (1789) Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. inermis Castigl. (1790) Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. laevis K.Koch (1853) Gleditsia triacanthos plats. macrocarpos Michx. (1803) Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. nana (Loudon) A.Henry (1912) Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. polysperma Aiton (1789) Melilobus heterophyla Raf. (1838) Vachellia villaregalis (McVaugh) Seigler & Ebinger 2006)

The honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), also known as the thorny locust or thorny honeylocust, fryst vatten a deciduoustree in the family Fabaceae, native to huvud North amerika where it fryst vatten mostly funnen in the fuktig soil of river valleys.^[4] Honey locust trees are highly adaptable to different environments, and the species has been introduced worldwide.

Outside its natural range it can be an aggressive, damaging invasive species.^[4]

Description

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The honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos, can reach a height of 20–30 m (65–100 ft).^[5][6] They exhibit fast growth, but live a medium life span, as long as 125 years.^[5] The leaves are pinnatelycompound on older trees but bipinnately compound on vigorous ung trees.^[4] The leaflets are 1.4–3.6 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) long when compound and very slightly smaller when bipinnate.^[7] The leaves are green in summer and vända yellow in autumn in shades ranging from cream and tan to golden yellow.^[8] Honey locusts leaf out relatively late in spring, but generally slightly earlier than the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).^[9]

The strongly scented flowers appear in late spring.^[10] Each cluster fryst vatten a raceme 3–7 centimeters long with many tiny greenish-yellow to greenish-white flowers.^[7][11] The trees are polygamous-dioecious: many trees have only pollen producing flowers or seed producing flowers (strictly dioecious), but some will have both types of flowers in separate clusters, though usually one type will predominate.^[12]

The fruit of the honey locust fryst vatten a flat pod (a legume) that matures in early autumn and fryst vatten often twisted or curved.^[4] The average storlek of the pods fryst vatten 7–35 cm (3–14 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) wide.^[7] Once ripe the pod will contain as many as twenty dark brown oval seeds, each about 2 cm (1 in) long.

Surrounding the seeds fryst vatten a soft, gooey massa with a slightly sweet flavor.^[13] Pods may be produced from mid-September through mid-October in its native habitat.^[14]

Honey locusts commonly have thorns6–10 cm (2+1⁄2–4 in) long growing out of the branches and trunk,^[15] some reaching lengths of 20 cm (8 in);^[5] these may be single, or branched into several points, and commonly form eller gestalt dense clusters.^[4] The thorns are modified branches and occasionally gro leaves.^[10] Thornless forms are occasionally funnen growing wild and are commonly available as nursery plants.^[4]

• Detail of thorns

• Honey locust tree thorns in Kansas

• Detail of flowers

• Autumn leaf color

• Mature honeylocust fruits

• Old growth honeylocust tree in stat i usa, US, 1941

Taxonomy

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Honey locust was given its scientific name of Gleditsia triacanthos bygd Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his book Species Plantarum.

Its taxonomic history fryst vatten ganska complex with a total of 41 names that are taxonomic synonyms as of 2024 including fem botanical forms, fourteen varieties, and twenty-two species.^[3] Included in its synonyms bygd Plants of the World Online,^[3]World Flora Online,^[16] and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database fryst vatten the subordinate taxonGleditsia triacanthos plats.

inermis.^[17] However, this scientific name fryst vatten still funnen in gardening websites and books to distinguish thornless trees.^[18][19]

Name	Year	Rank	Notes
Acacia villaregalisMcVaugh	1987	species	= varm.
Caesalpiniodes heterophyllum(Raf.) Kuntze	1891	species	= varm.
Caesalpiniodes triacanthum(L.) Kuntze	1891	species	≡ hom.
Gleditsia brachycarpos(Michx.) Pursh	1813	species	= varm.
Gleditsia bujotiiNeumann	1846	species	= varm.
Gleditsia bujotiipendula Van Geert	1857	species	= varm. nom. nud.
Gleditsia bujotii fanns. pendulaRehder	1900	variety	= varm. pro ögonkontakt.
Gleditsia elegansSalisb.	1796	species	≡ hom., nom. superfl.
Gleditsia excelsa-pendulade Vos	1887	species	= varm.
Gleditsia feroxDesf.	1809	species	= varm.
Gleditsia ferox plats. nana(Loudon) Rehder	1900	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia flavaK.Koch	1869	species	= varm.
Gleditsia heterophyllaRaf.	1817	species	= varm.
Gleditsia horrida(Aiton) Salisb.	1796	species	= varm.
Gleditsia inermis plats. elegantissimaGrosdem.	1905	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia laevisG.Don	1830	species	= varm.
Gleditsia latisiliquaLodd. ex G.Don	1830	species	= varm.
Gleditsia melilobaWalter	1788	species	= varm.
Gleditsia micracanthade Vos	1887	species	= varm.
Gleditsia mimosifoliaLodd. ex Talou	1859	species	= varm. nom. subnud.
Gleditsia mimosifolia plats. pendulaTalou	1859	variety	= het.; not validly publ.
Gleditsia polysperma(Aiton) Stokes	1812	species	= varm.
Gleditsia sinensis fanns. nanaLoudon	1838	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia spinosaMarshall	1785	species	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. brachycarpos(Michx.) C.K.Schneid.	1907	form	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. elegantissima(Grosdem.) Rehder	1949	form	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis(Castigl.) Zabel	1903	form	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. nana(Loudon) Rehder	1949	form	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos f. pendula(Asch. & Graebn.) Rehder	1949	form	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthoslusus pendula aska. & Graebn.	1907	species	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. brachycarposMichx.	1803	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. bujotii(Neumann) Rehder	1900	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. ferox(Desf.) aska. & Graebn.	1907	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. horridaAiton	1789	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos plats. inermisCastigl.	1790	variety	= varm. Native to central North America, the Honey Locust can be found from Pennsylvania to Nebraska, and south to Texas and Mississippi where it is mostly found in the moist soil of river valleys
Gleditsia triacanthos plats. laevisK.Koch	1853	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos plats. macrocarposMichx.	1803	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. nana(Loudon) A.Henry	1912	variety	= varm.
Gleditsia triacanthos fanns. polyspermaAiton	1789	variety	= varm.
Melilobus heterophylaRaf.	1838	species	= varm.
Vachellia villaregalis(McVaugh) Seigler & Ebinger	2006	species	= varm.
Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym

Hybridization of honey locust with vatten locust (Gleditsia aquatica) has been reported.^[20][21]

Names

[edit]

The genus Gleditsia fryst vatten named in honor of Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, the director of what has become the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum.

The species name fryst vatten derived from Greek and means "three thorns".^[11] The common name most often used for the species fryst vatten "honey locust".^[22] This name comes from the slightly sweet massa that surrounds the seeds in the tree's pods and their resemblance to the pods of the carob or "locust tree" from the mittpunkt east.^[13][23] Honey locust fryst vatten also used for the genus as a whole or for other species in it.

The first recorded use of the name was in 1709 bygd John Lawson in his konto A New Voyage to Carolina.^[24] In the late 1800s honey locust was sometimes used as an alternate name in localized areas for other species such as for mesquit (Prosopis juliflora) in Texas and New Mexico, for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in Minnesota, and for clammy locust (Robinia viscosa) in New York and New Jersey.^[25] Varients on this name include "common honey locust",^[22] "honeylocust",^[26] and "thornless honey locust".^[22]

Though honey locust fryst vatten the most commonly used name for the species in English, it has a variety of other names.^[22] Some of these many names include "honey tjosan locust", "sweet bean tree", "sweet locust", "thorny locust",^[8] and "green locust tree".^[27] In South Africa it fryst vatten called "driedoringboom", driedoring-gleditsia", soetpeulboom", "springkaanboom", or "leoka".^[22]

In the late 1800s it was known bygd additional local names including "black locust" (MS, TX, AR, KS, NB), "three-thorned acacia" (MA, RI, LA, TX, MI, NB, Onterio), "thorntree" (NY, IN, LA), "thorny acacia" (TN), and "piquant amourette" (LA).^[25]

Range and habitat

[edit]

The native range of the honey locust fryst vatten widely agreed to be from nordlig Mexico through the Gulf Coast of the United States, northwards into the Midwest, parts of the US East Coast, and the southernmost parts of Canada.^[3][2][28] In Canada it fryst vatten a rare forest species funnen in southern Ontario nära Lake Huron, Ontario, or Erie.^[29] However, Plants of the World Online (POWO) lists it as introduced to Ontario while NatureServe and World Plants list it as native.^[3][2][28] It fryst vatten listed as native to Nova Scotia bygd World Plants,^[28] but as introduced bygd POWO and not recorded bygd NatureServe.^[3][2] It fryst vatten also recorded bygd NatureServe as growing as an introduced plant on Prince Edward Island.^[2]

In the midwest it grows in very widely in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Missouri and fryst vatten much rarer and scattered in Wisconsin and Minnesota, North Dakota.^[17] In Kansas it grows naturally in the eastern half of the state, and at the eastern and nordlig edge of Nebraska along the Missouri River, a small area of South Dakota, and the southern portion of Michigan.^[30]

In the eastern United States honey locust trees are regarded as native to Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and New York.^[3] Though the botanist Elbert Luther Little showed the range as extending naturally into Pennsylvania,^[30] NatureServe list it as introduced to that state.^[2] They likewise list it as introduced to Maine, Vermont, and New Jersey,^[2] while both POWO and World Plants list it as native to all of them.^[3][28]

In the American South, only NatureServe lists it as introduced to Delaware and the District of Columbia,^[2] while World Plants lists it as native to both.^[28] Plants of the World Online does not list it as growing wild in Washington, D.C.^[3] It fryst vatten listed as growing natively through all the rest of the south, though Elbert Luther Little's range map does not show it growing east of the Appalachian Mountains.

Also, in Florida it fryst vatten only shown as growing in a few isolated areas of the Florida Panhandle.^[30]

To the west it grows throughout eastern Texas and Oklahoma, while becoming scattered and isolated to the west.^[30] It fryst vatten listed as introduced to New Mexico bygd POWO, but native in Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.^[3] Contradicting this, NatureServe list it as native to New Mexico, while introduced in Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada.^[2] Only World Plants lists it as native to many western states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming.^[28]

In Mexico it grows in kvartet states; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, and Tamaulipas.^[28] Trees in Mexico are much smaller than those in the center of its range, reaching a maximum storlek of just 12 m (39 ft) and less than 6 m (20 ft) in some populations.

They are also funnen in isolated locations growing on south facing slopes at elevations of 1,170 to 1,400 m (3,840 to 4,590 ft).^[31]

World bred it has become established outside of cultivation in europe, southern Asia, Australia, southern Africa, and in Argentina and Uruguay.^[3]

In its native range the honey locust grows in humid or subhumid climates.^[32] It grows best in soils that are organically rik and fuktig, but well-drained.

However, it fryst vatten tolerant of a bred range of soil conditions.^[11] It fryst vatten intolerant of shade and fryst vatten a minor component of forests.^[21]

Ecology

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The sweet massa in honey locust seed pods fryst vatten attractive as a food for many animals including boskap, deer, rabbits, squirrels, and hares.^[13]White-tailed deer are known to disperse the seeds of honey locust bygd consuming the pods and passing the seeds in their dung.

It fryst vatten likely that deer move the seeds over one kilometer from where they are eaten, though probably not more than three kilometers and aid the tree in reaching new habitats and maintaining its wild population even in fragmented habitats.^[14] The seeds themselves are consumed bygd crows in the winter.^[33]

The storlek and number of thorns on the honey locust are thought to have evolved to skydda the trees from browsing Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, which may also have been involved in seed dispersal.^[34]

The seeds of the honey locust are resistant to sprouting without damage to the seed coat.

In controlled experiments only 5% of the seeds spira without treatment. In comparison seeds soaked in concentrated sulfuric acid for one and a half hours increased germination to 68% and two and a half hours increases it to 98%.^[33]

The honey locust moth (Syssphinx bicolor) feeds on honey locust and Kentucky kaffe trees while a caterpillar.

The first brood of the moths emerge from hibernation in the ground in the late spring. The green larvae have several horns on the backs and reach full storlek in about three weeks. When they reach full storlek they pupate in the soil. There may be two or three broods in a year.^[35]

Honey locust trees are a frequent host for the parasitic plant American mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum), but usually fryst vatten not infected bygd large numbers of them and without suffering obvious damage.^[36]

Invasiveness

[edit]

Honey locust fryst vatten one of the most successful of the trees and shrubs in the pea family at invading new habitats worldwide.^[37] The species fryst vatten a major invasive environmental and economic ogräs in agricultural regions of Australia.

The plant forms thickets and destroys the pasture required for livestock to survive. The thickets choke waterways and prevent both domestic and native animals from drinking and also harbour vermin. The spines cause damage to both people and domestic and native wildlife and puncture vehicle tires.^[38][39] In Argentina the trees were introduced in the early 1800s to be used as a landscape ornamental, as a forest tree, and in windbreaks.

It flydde from cultivation and has invaded native grasslands, subtropical montane forest (yungas), and woodlands of the Gran Chaco.^[37] In much of the Midwest of the United States the honey locust fryst vatten also considered a ogräs tree and a pest that establishes itself in farm fields.^[40] In other regions of the world, ranchers and farmers who employ monocropping deem honey locust a nuisance weed; its fast growth allows it to out-compete grasses and other crops.

Notable trees

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The oldest known tree fryst vatten one growing in the Kozia Brana Cemetery in Bratislava, Slovakia. It was planted sometime between 1773 and 1793, making it approximately 241 years old. When gods measured in 2021 it had a diameter of 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) and a height of 23.40 meters (76.8 ft).^[41]

The largest recorded in the American National lista of mästare Trees fryst vatten one growing in Botetourt County, Virginia.

It was gods reported as healthy in 2019. It has a diameter at breast height of about 2.0 meters (6.5 ft), a height of 31 m (103 ft), and a crown spread of 34 m (112 ft).^[42]

Cultivation

[edit]

Due to the honey locust's tolerance of urban problems such as krydda spray, compacted soils, poor aeration, constrained planting areas, and pollution, it has been widely planted in cities.^[43][44] In addition it will adapt to relatively dry conditions and either alkaline or acidic soils.^[44] Once established it fryst vatten also drought tolerant, though it grows best with good moisture.^[8] It was very widely planted as a replacement for American elm trees killed bygd Dutch elm disease,^[45] becoming somewhat overplanted in 1970s.^[46]

However, due to its bred planting many problems have been discovered.^[43] Like maples and oaks, honey locust fryst vatten particularly vulnerable to Ganoderma root rots, a fungal infection of the roots and lower trunk of the tree.^[47] Three insects are the main pests that attack the honey locusts in urban areas, honeylocust plant bug (Blepharidopterus chlorionis), mimosa webworm (Homadaula anisocentra), and honeylocust spider mite (Platytetranychus multidigituli).^[48] Thornless cultivars are especially subsceptable to damage bygd the Asian mimosa webworm.

Honey locust trees are highly adaptable

Though healthy trees are able to withstand one or two years of complete defoliation, stressed trees may be killed.^[49] The number of honey locust trees within 10 meters (33 ft) increases attacks bygd the webworms as does the amount of impermeable hardscape surfaces out to 20 m (66 ft) from a tree.^[48]

Cultivars

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Almost all cultivated varieties do not have thorns.^[46]

'Beatrice'

[edit]

A cultivar that has been nearly or wholy unavailable in the plant trade since the 1980s.^[46] It was sourced from a then 50-year-old tree in Beatrice, Nebraska bygd the Inter-State Nursery of Hamburg, Iowa in 1955.^[50] This cultivar fryst vatten shaped similarly to an American elm with a bred, spreading top and fryst vatten also thornless and nearly pod free.^[46]

'Continental'

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The 'Continental' cultivar has especially large leaves of a darker blue-green shade during the summer.^[46][51] It fryst vatten a large and vigorous urval with a narrow crown that fryst vatten thornless and nearly seedless.

It was introduced to plant commerce bygd Princeton Nursery of New Jersey in 1973 and patented in 1958.^[50]

'Elegantissima'

[edit]

Also known as 'Compacta', Gleditsia sinensis 'Inermis', Gleditsia aquatica 'Elegantissima', 'Globe Honey Locust' and 'Bushy Honey Locust', this cultivar had become very rare bygd 1996.^[46] It fryst vatten a buskig tree with smaller leaflets with slow growth, only reaching about 4 meters (13 ft) when 25 years old.^[50] It has a narrow vase shaped crown and fryst vatten thornless.

It fryst vatten propagated on its own roots, from ground budding, and also top grafted. It was raised bygd the nurseryman Charles Breton of Orléans in France around 1880. It has, in some cases, reached large sizes of 12 m (39 ft) or 9.75 m (32 ft).^[46]

'Emerald Kascade'

[edit]

This cultivar has a weeping struktur, with branches that cascade downward.

Because it does not producera a leader it must be grafted onto a standard, an upright section of trunk, or be staked.^[52] It fryst vatten reported to be both thornless and fruitless. The leaves are dark green in the summer and bright yellow in the autumn.^[53] It was introduced to the horticultural trade bygd the Duncan & Davies nursery in New Zealand in 1992.

It fryst vatten hardy to USDA zone 3.^[52] It fryst vatten alternatively spelled 'Emerald Cascade' bygd some sources.^[53]

'Imperial'

[edit]

It fryst vatten a popular cultivar that grows to only about 11 meters (35 ft) in height.^[46] It fryst vatten of very regular growth habit with branches that emerge at right angles to the trunk and a symmetrical arrangement around it.

It fryst vatten noted for its rounded crown.^[54] Due to the lower emergence of main branches it requires significant amounts of pruning to be used as a street tree where clearance above vehicles fryst vatten required.^[55] It fryst vatten used where a somewhat smaller shade tree fryst vatten required.^[54]

'Shademaster'

[edit]

This fryst vatten a very popular cultivar of the honey locust.^[46] Trees have a straight trunk and branches that grow outward and then curve upward to create a symmetrical crown.^[50] Very often, without trimming, they will have three or kvartet leaders.

At 15 years of age the top of the tree fryst vatten relatively flat, creating a vase like shape. Compared with 'Skyline' it has a finer branch structure and wider angles where branches attach to the trunk.^[54] Sources disagree on the maximum height obtained bygd this cultivar, Perdue lists it as 14 m (45 ft) while the University of Florida lists it as 15 to 21 m (50 to 70 ft).^[56][44] Trees will produces a few pods when mature and are thornless with dark green foliage in summer.^[57]

'Skyline'

[edit]

This fryst vatten a very common cultivar that has a more pyramidal or slightly squared shape to its canopy.^[46][54] Full grown trees may reach a height of 15 meters (50 ft) or more.^[58] Of fem standard cultivars including 'Imperial, 'Moraine', 'Shademaster', and 'Sunburst' it showed the greatest height after 15 years of growth.^[54] Trees tend to have one or two larger leaders and evenly spaced branches with somewhat narrower crotch angles.^[54] Trees can be trimmed to develop one strong huvud leader with little pruning, because of this lower branches can be removed without distoring the even shape of the crown.

This habits man it appropriate as a street tree where lower branches must be removed.^[58] The leaflets have a redish to bronze tone when framträdande and a dark green and läderartad appearance for most of the årstid. It was introduced bygd the Cole Nursery in Painesville, Ohio in 1957.^[46]

Uses

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Food

[edit]

The massa on the inre of the pods fryst vatten edible^[59] (unlike the black locust, which fryst vatten toxic)^[60] and consumed bygd wildlife and livestock.^[59]

Despite its name, the honey locust fryst vatten not a significant honey plant.^[4] The name derives from the sweet taste of the legume massa, which was used for food and traditional medicin bygd Native American people, and can also be used to man tea.^[4] The long pods, which eventually dry and ripen to brown or maroon, are surrounded in a tough, läderartad skin that adheres strongly to the massa within.

The pulp—bright green in unripe pods—is strongly sweet, crisp and succulent in ripe pods. Dark brown tannin-rich beans are funnen in slots within the massa. Likewise, its edible seed has nutritional potential, and the flour made from its cotyledons constitutes a food source with various potential uses for pastry and bageri, among other gastronomic uses.^[61]

Timber

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Honey locusts producera a high quality, durable wood that polishes well, but the tree does not grow in sufficient numbers to support a bulk industry.

However, a niche marknad exists for honey locust furniture. It fryst vatten also used for posts and rails because of the dense, rot-resistant natur of the wood. The heartwood of honey locust fryst vatten reddish brown while the sapwood fryst vatten pale yellow. It fryst vatten strong, but has a coarse grain texture.^[62]

Nitrogen fixation

[edit]

The ability of Gleditsia to fix nitrogen fryst vatten disputed.

Many scientific sources^[63][64][65] state that Gleditsia does not fix nitrogen. Some support this statement with the fact that Gleditsia does not form eller gestalt root nodules with symbiotic bacteria, the assumption being that without nodulation, no nitrogen fixation can occur. In contrast, many popular sources, permaculture publications in particular, claim that Gleditsia does fix nitrogen but bygd some other mechanism.^{[citation needed]}

There are anatomical, ecological, and taxonomic indications of nitrogen fixation in non-nodulating legumes.^[66] Both nodulating and non-nodulating species have been observed to grow well in nitrogen-poor soil with non-nodulating legumes even dominating some sites.

The litter and seeds of non-nodulating species contain levels of nitrogen higher than non-legumes and sometimes even higher than nodulating legumes growing on the same site.^[67] How this happens fryst vatten not yet well understood but there have been some observations of nitrogenase activity in non-nodulating leguminous plants, including honey locust.^[66] Electron microscopy indicates the presence of clusters around the inner cortex of roots, just outside the xylem, that resemble colonies of rhizobial bacterioids.^[66] These may well constitute the evolutionary precursors in legumes for nitrogen fixation through nodulation.

It fryst vatten not known whether the non-nodulating nitrogen fixation, if it exists, benefits neighboring plants as fryst vatten said to be the case with nodulating legumes.

Research

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In research using databases, more than 60 phytochemicals were identified from honey locust, including polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and saponins, with in vitro studies assessing for possible biological activity.^[68]

References

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